Pentagonal Quasicrystals

The following Penrose graphs have been constructed using an inflation/deflation procedure.

One possibility to start with, but there are others as well.


vertices: 16
faces: 10+1
edges: 25
genus: 0

characteristic polynomial: x4 (20 - 13x2 + x4) (4 - 6x2 + x4)2

dual's characteristic polynomial: (-4 - 2x + x2) (1 - 4x - 4x2 + x3 + x4)2

chromatic number: 3

lattice group: (C5 × (((C5 × ((C5 × C5) : C2)) : C2) : C3)) :C2

Already more interesting.


vertices: 41
faces: 30+1
edges: 70
genus: 0

characteristic polynomial: x11 (-1 + x)4 (1 + x)4 (-24 + 83x2 - 20x4 + x6) (576 - 552x2 + 179x4 - 23x6 + x8)2

dual's characteristic polynomial: (-1 + x + x2) (8 + 8x - 5x2 - 3x3 + x4) (-41 - 100x + 284x2 + 694x3 + 40x4 - 661x5 - 258x6 + 218x7 + 119x8 - 27x9 - 19x10 + x11 + x12)

chromatic number: 4

lattice group (lossy): Z(2) × Z(5) 15 × A(15)

After another round of inflation and deflation.


vertices: 116
faces: 90+1
edges: 205
genus: 0

characteristic polynomial:

dual's characteristic polynomial:

chromatic number: 4

lattice group (lossy): Z(2) 2 × Z(5) 53 × A(53)

We didn't wait long enough until the layouting was settled.


vertices: 321
faces: 260+1
edges: 580
genus: 0

characteristic polynomial:

dual's characteristic polynomial:

chromatic number: 4

lattice group (lossy):

The boundary exhibits some sort of self-similarity.


vertices: 886
faces: 740+1
edges: 1625
genus: 0

characteristic polynomial:

dual's characteristic polynomial:

chromatic number: 4

lattice group (lossy):